Discrimination by association occurs when an employee is treated unfavourably not because of their own protected characteristic, but because of the protected characteristic of someone they are connected to.

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This may involve a relationship with:

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• a parent,

• a child,

• a partner or spouse,

• someone you care for,

• a friend or colleague.

 

The relationship does not need to be long‑term or formal — the connection itself is enough.

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When does the law protect you?

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Protection applies to all protected characteristics under the Equality Act 2010, including:

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• disability,

• age,

• race,

• religion or belief,

• sex,

• sexual orientation,

• gender reassignment.

 

Exceptions:

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Discrimination by association does not apply to:

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• marriage and civil partnership,

• pregnancy and maternity.

 

However, in these cases, a claim for sex discrimination may still be possible.

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Example

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A father caring for his disabled son needs time off for medical appointments. His employer becomes irritated by his caring responsibilities and eventually dismisses him.

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This dismissal may amount to direct disability discrimination, even though the employee himself is not disabled.

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Why seek advice?

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Discrimination by association is often overlooked — employees feel punished for their caring responsibilities or relationships, without realising the law protects them.

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If you believe you are being treated unfairly because of someone you are connected to, I can review your situation and explain your rights.